The Port State Measures Agreement (PSMA) is an international treaty that aims to prevent, deter, and eliminate illegal, unreported, and unregulated (IUU) fishing. This agreement was adopted by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) of the United Nations in 2009 and entered into force in 2016.
The PSMA establishes minimum standards for port inspections and controls of foreign-flagged vessels that seek to enter a port, unload fish, or refuel. The agreement requires that port states deny access to vessels suspected of engaging in IUU fishing until they can prove compliance with national and international regulations.
The agreement serves as a critical tool in the global fight against IUU fishing, which is estimated to generate between $10 billion and $23 billion in illicit profits annually. IUU fishing undermines efforts to manage fish stocks sustainably, threatens the livelihoods of legitimate fishers, and harms marine ecosystems.
The PSMA has gained significant international support, with more than 60 countries ratifying it so far. This includes major fishing nations such as Japan, the United States, and the European Union. However, many countries have yet to sign and ratify the agreement, and efforts are ongoing to encourage wider adoption.
Enforcement of the PSMA is a responsibility shared by coastal states, flag states, and port states. Coastal states are expected to ensure that their vessels do not engage in IUU fishing, while flag states are responsible for regulating the vessels that carry their flag. Port states must ensure that foreign vessels comply with national and international fishing regulations and deny access to those that do not.
In conclusion, the Port State Measures Agreement is a critical international treaty that seeks to combat IUU fishing, protect marine ecosystems, and promote sustainable fisheries management. While its adoption has been significant, efforts must continue to encourage wider ratification and effective enforcement in all countries.